# LYO Research

> Independent, evidence-graded reference on peptides. What each compound is, what human research shows, and what is still only a claim — with every grade traced to the studies behind it.

LYO grades every claimed effect of a peptide from A to D on human evidence only (A established, B probable, C weak, D no human evidence). Grades are not recommendations. Every grade lists the studies behind it and every change is dated and logged. Cite as “LYO Research” with a link to the compound page.

## Machine-readable data
- [All compounds, JSON](https://lyoresearch.com/api/v1/compounds): every grade, outcome, reference and change log in one file (Dataset, CC BY 4.0)
- [Full plain-text digest](https://lyoresearch.com/llms-full.txt): all compound pages as text
- [Methodology](https://lyoresearch.com/methodology): how grades are assigned and changed

## Compound classes (pharmacological families; every compound belongs to exactly one)
- [GLP-1 and incretin agonists](https://lyoresearch.com/classes/glp-1-agonists): The obesity and diabetes drugs. The best-evidenced compounds on this site, and the only family with cardiovascular-outcome trials behind it. Members: semaglutide, tirzepatide, liraglutide, dulaglutide, exenatide, retatrutide, mazdutide, survodutide, orforglipron, cagrilintide, cagrisema, amycretin, eloralintide, maridebart-cafraglutide, ecnoglutide, petrelintide, lixisenatide, pramlintide.
- [GHRH analogues](https://lyoresearch.com/classes/ghrh-analogues): Synthetic versions of the hypothalamic hormone that tells the pituitary to release growth hormone. One narrow approval; one withdrawn diagnostic; one abandoned programme. Members: tesamorelin, sermorelin, cjc-1295.
- [GH secretagogues (GHRPs)](https://lyoresearch.com/classes/gh-secretagogues): Ghrelin-receptor agonists that trigger a growth-hormone pulse. Good diagnostic tools — and one oral member, MK-677, with a year-long trial showing a little more lean mass and no less fat. Members: mk-677, ipamorelin, ghrp-2, ghrp-6, hexarelin.
- [Growth hormone, IGF-1 and growth factors](https://lyoresearch.com/classes/growth-hormone-and-igf): The hormone, its downstream mediator, two fragments, and a myostatin blocker. One approved medicine, three laboratory reagents, and one properly tested failure. Members: hgh, aod-9604, igf-1-lr3, peg-mgf, follistatin-344.
- [Tissue-repair peptides](https://lyoresearch.com/classes/healing-peptides): The healing peptides of the internet. Consistent animal results, one tripeptide with modest topical evidence, and no controlled human trial of injected use for any of them. Members: bpc-157, tb-500, ghk-cu, ahk-cu, kpv.
- [Melanocortin agonists](https://lyoresearch.com/classes/melanocortins): Four analogues of the same pigment hormone. Three became approved medicines — for low sexual desire, a rare light-sensitivity disease, and genetic obesity; one stayed a grey-market tanning injection with documented harms. Members: pt-141, afamelanotide, setmelanotide, melanotan-2.
- [Mitochondrial, antioxidant and longevity compounds](https://lyoresearch.com/classes/longevity-compounds): The longevity market's compounds: mitochondrial peptides, a coenzyme, an enzyme inhibitor, an antioxidant. One approval for an ultra-rare disease; otherwise mouse data and observation. Members: ss-31, nad-plus, glutathione, mots-c, humanin, epitalon, pinealon, vilon, foxo4-dri, 5-amino-1mq, adipotide.
- [Nootropic and sleep peptides](https://lyoresearch.com/classes/nootropic-peptides): Cognition, anxiety, stroke and sleep. Three are Russian-registered and unreplicated; two are animal-brain extracts — one with Cochrane reviews against it, one with a single Russian trial; one has never been given to a human; one was tested in the 1980s and mostly did not work. Members: semax, selank, noopept, cerebrolysin, cortexin, dsip, dihexa.
- [Reproductive and neuroendocrine hormones](https://lyoresearch.com/classes/reproductive-hormones): Five reproductive-axis hormones and analogues with genuine medical licences — including the one that switches the axis off — and off-label reputations their trials do not support. Members: hcg, gonadorelin, leuprolide, oxytocin, kisspeptin.
- [Bone and endocrine peptide medicines](https://lyoresearch.com/classes/endocrine-medicines): Settled peptide medicines, included as reference points: two that build bone, one that switches growth hormone off, one retired by its own safety data, one banned in sport as a masking agent, and the original: insulin. Members: teriparatide, abaloparatide, octreotide, calcitonin, desmopressin, insulin.
- [Peptides sold as supplements](https://lyoresearch.com/classes/supplement-peptides): The peptides most people actually take: collagen powder and carnosine capsules. Legal, safe, heavily trialled by their makers — and with effects that shrink when independent trials are counted. Members: collagen-peptides, carnosine.
- [Immune, antimicrobial and repair-signal peptides](https://lyoresearch.com/classes/immune-peptides): A thymic immune modulator that failed its largest trial, the human antimicrobial peptide with two wound-healing trials, a gut hormone whose 461-person COVID trial found nothing, and an erythropoietin fragment with one small positive phase 2. Members: thymosin-alpha-1, ll-37, vip, ara-290, thymalin.
- [Taxonomy, JSON](https://lyoresearch.com/api/v1/classes)

## Compounds
- [BPC-157](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/bpc-157): grade D · 0 controlled · Not approved. Synthetic pentadecapeptide from a gastric protein. Striking animal results; no controlled human trials. JSON: https://lyoresearch.com/api/v1/compounds/bpc-157
- [Semaglutide](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/semaglutide): grade A · 30+ RCTs · Approved (Rx). GLP-1 receptor agonist. Among the most-studied molecules of the decade; approved for diabetes and obesity. JSON: https://lyoresearch.com/api/v1/compounds/semaglutide
- [Retatrutide](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/retatrutide): grade B · 3 phase 3 RCTs published (n=2,339; n=1,152; n=537); 2 phase 3 topline · Investigational. Triple GIP / GLP-1 / glucagon agonist. Two phase 3 obesity trials and a phase 3 diabetes trial are published; not approved anywhere. JSON: https://lyoresearch.com/api/v1/compounds/retatrutide
- [Tirzepatide](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/tirzepatide): grade A · 15+ RCTs · Approved (Rx). Dual GIP / GLP-1 agonist. Approved; beat semaglutide in a direct head-to-head trial. JSON: https://lyoresearch.com/api/v1/compounds/tirzepatide
- [Tesamorelin](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/tesamorelin): grade B · Several RCTs · Approved (Rx, US). GHRH analogue. Approved for one narrow indication; the general-population claims are extrapolation. JSON: https://lyoresearch.com/api/v1/compounds/tesamorelin
- [Ipamorelin](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/ipamorelin): grade C · 1 RCT (negative) + small early-phase · Not approved. Selective GH secretagogue. One real randomised trial in humans — and it was negative. JSON: https://lyoresearch.com/api/v1/compounds/ipamorelin
- [GHK-Cu](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/ghk-cu): grade C · Small topical trials · Cosmetic ingredient. Copper-binding tripeptide. Modest human evidence for topical skin use; injected use has none. JSON: https://lyoresearch.com/api/v1/compounds/ghk-cu
- [Epitalon](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/epitalon): grade D · Uncontrolled, single group · Not approved. Synthetic tetrapeptide from a Russian gerontology institute. The human studies mostly tested a different product. JSON: https://lyoresearch.com/api/v1/compounds/epitalon
- [TB-500](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/tb-500): grade D · 0 for injected use · Not approved. Fragment of thymosin beta-4. Human trials exist only as an eye drop; the injectable use has none. JSON: https://lyoresearch.com/api/v1/compounds/tb-500
- [Cagrilintide](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/cagrilintide): grade B · Phase 3 published · Investigational. Long-acting amylin analogue. Strong phase 3 data in combination with semaglutide; not yet approved. JSON: https://lyoresearch.com/api/v1/compounds/cagrilintide
- [Semax](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/semax): grade D · Russian-language, largely uncontrolled · Not approved (outside Russia). Russian-developed heptapeptide, registered in Russia, unstudied elsewhere. JSON: https://lyoresearch.com/api/v1/compounds/semax
- [Selank](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/selank): grade D · Russian-language, small · Not approved (outside Russia). Russian anxiolytic peptide, registered in Russia. Same evidence problem as Semax. JSON: https://lyoresearch.com/api/v1/compounds/selank
- [PT-141](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/pt-141): grade A · 2 phase 3 RCTs (n=1,267) · Approved (Rx, US). An approved medicine — for one indication, in one population, with a 40% nausea rate. JSON: https://lyoresearch.com/api/v1/compounds/pt-141
- [Sermorelin](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/sermorelin): grade C · Approved paediatric use; small adult studies · Withdrawn (US brand). Was an approved medicine for diagnosing growth-hormone deficiency in children. Withdrawn commercially; adult use is off-label with thin data. JSON: https://lyoresearch.com/api/v1/compounds/sermorelin
- [CJC-1295](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/cjc-1295): grade C · Early-phase only; programme discontinued · Not approved. Long-acting GHRH analogue. Raises growth hormone for days; development stopped and no outcome trial exists. JSON: https://lyoresearch.com/api/v1/compounds/cjc-1295
- [AOD-9604](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/aod-9604): grade D · 900+ participants; no effect · Not approved. A fat-loss peptide that was properly tested in humans — and failed. JSON: https://lyoresearch.com/api/v1/compounds/aod-9604
- [MOTS-c](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/mots-c): grade D · 0 controlled · Not approved. Mitochondrial-derived peptide with striking mouse metabolic data and no human trial. JSON: https://lyoresearch.com/api/v1/compounds/mots-c
- [Liraglutide](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/liraglutide): grade A · 20+ RCTs · Approved (Saxenda, Victoza). First-generation daily GLP-1 receptor agonist. Approved for diabetes and obesity; generics arriving. JSON: https://lyoresearch.com/api/v1/compounds/liraglutide
- [Survodutide](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/survodutide): grade B · 2 phase 3 RCTs published (n=725; n=752) · Investigational. GLP-1/glucagon dual agonist. Phase 3 published for obesity and liver disease; not yet approved. JSON: https://lyoresearch.com/api/v1/compounds/survodutide
- [Mazdutide](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/mazdutide): grade A · 3 phase 3 RCTs · Approved in China only. GLP-1/glucagon dual agonist. Approved in China for obesity and type 2 diabetes; phase 2 elsewhere. JSON: https://lyoresearch.com/api/v1/compounds/mazdutide
- [Kisspeptin](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/kisspeptin): grade C · 10+ small studies · Not approved. Reproductive-axis neuropeptide. Small academic trials in fertility and low sexual desire; not approved. JSON: https://lyoresearch.com/api/v1/compounds/kisspeptin
- [Thymosin α1](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/thymosin-alpha-1): grade B · 20+ RCTs · Approved outside US/EU (Zadaxin). Immune-modulating thymic peptide. Approved in China and ~30 other countries; failed its largest trial. JSON: https://lyoresearch.com/api/v1/compounds/thymosin-alpha-1
- [LL-37](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/ll-37): grade C · 2 RCTs (topical) · Not approved. The human cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide. Two randomised wound-healing trials; not approved. JSON: https://lyoresearch.com/api/v1/compounds/ll-37
- [SS-31 (elamipretide)](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/ss-31): grade C · Several RCTs (mostly negative) + one approval · Approved (Rx, US; Barth syndrome only). Mitochondria-targeting tetrapeptide. Newly approved for one ultra-rare disease after a decade of failed trials in bigger ones. JSON: https://lyoresearch.com/api/v1/compounds/ss-31
- [Oxytocin (intranasal)](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/oxytocin): grade C · Many RCTs (intranasal mostly null) · Approved (Rx) as injection; intranasal use unlicensed. A real hormone with a real injectable licence — and a nasal-spray reputation its trials do not support. JSON: https://lyoresearch.com/api/v1/compounds/oxytocin
- [Melanotan II](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/melanotan-2): grade C · Small early-phase trials · Not approved. A tanning-and-erection peptide with real small-trial signals and real, documented harms. JSON: https://lyoresearch.com/api/v1/compounds/melanotan-2
- [Hexarelin](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/hexarelin): grade C · Early-phase human studies · Not approved. A potent GH-releasing peptide whose effect fades with continued use — and that was never developed further. JSON: https://lyoresearch.com/api/v1/compounds/hexarelin
- [GHRP-2](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/ghrp-2): grade C · Diagnostic-grade + small studies · Approved (diagnostic, Japan). A GH-releasing peptide approved in Japan as a diagnostic — not as the muscle drug it is sold as. JSON: https://lyoresearch.com/api/v1/compounds/ghrp-2
- [GHRP-6](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/ghrp-6): grade C · Diagnostic studies + small work · Not approved. The original GH-releasing peptide — a good diagnostic tool, an unproven physique drug. JSON: https://lyoresearch.com/api/v1/compounds/ghrp-6
- [NAD+ and precursors](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/nad-plus): grade C · Several RCTs of precursors · Sold as supplement (NR/NMN); IV NAD+ unlicensed. Not a peptide, but sold in the same market — supplements that raise a coenzyme, with clinical benefit still unproven. JSON: https://lyoresearch.com/api/v1/compounds/nad-plus
- [KPV](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/kpv): grade D · 0 controlled · Not approved. An anti-inflammatory tripeptide with real mouse data and no human trial at all. JSON: https://lyoresearch.com/api/v1/compounds/kpv
- [Humanin](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/humanin): grade D · 0 controlled · Not approved. A mitochondria-encoded peptide with striking lab biology and only observational human data. JSON: https://lyoresearch.com/api/v1/compounds/humanin
- [Dihexa](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/dihexa): grade D · 0 controlled · Not approved. A potent synaptogenic molecule in rodents, and nothing at all in humans. JSON: https://lyoresearch.com/api/v1/compounds/dihexa
- [5-Amino-1MQ](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/5-amino-1mq): grade D · 0 controlled · Not approved. A metabolic enzyme inhibitor with mouse fat-loss data and no human trial. JSON: https://lyoresearch.com/api/v1/compounds/5-amino-1mq
- [Orforglipron](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/orforglipron): grade A · Phase 3 programme published · Approved (Rx) — United States. The first oral small-molecule GLP-1 agonist, approved in the US for weight management in April 2026. A pill, not an injection — and not a peptide. JSON: https://lyoresearch.com/api/v1/compounds/orforglipron
- [Amycretin](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/amycretin): grade C · 1 phase 1b/2a RCT (n=125); 2 phase 2 RCTs in type 2 diabetes · Investigational (early phase). A GLP-1 and amylin agonist in one molecule, now named zenagamtide. The largest early-phase weight loss yet reported — in 125 people; two phase 2 diabetes trials published since. JSON: https://lyoresearch.com/api/v1/compounds/amycretin
- [Human growth hormone (somatropin)](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/hgh): grade A · Many RCTs + meta-analysis · Approved (Rx) for deficiency; anti-ageing use unlawful in the US. An approved medicine for growth-hormone deficiency, and the original anti-ageing drug the evidence does not support. JSON: https://lyoresearch.com/api/v1/compounds/hgh
- [HCG (human chorionic gonadotropin)](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/hcg): grade A · Approval-grade + meta-analysis · Approved (Rx) for fertility and hypogonadism; not for weight loss. A real fertility medicine, and the subject of one of the most thoroughly refuted weight-loss claims in medicine. JSON: https://lyoresearch.com/api/v1/compounds/hcg
- [Glutathione](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/glutathione): grade C · Small RCTs; systematic reviews inconclusive · Supplement; injectable use unapproved. The body's main antioxidant, sold by injection for skin lightening on inconclusive evidence. JSON: https://lyoresearch.com/api/v1/compounds/glutathione
- [IGF-1 LR3](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/igf-1-lr3): grade D · 0 controlled · Not approved; research reagent. A laboratory reagent sold as a muscle drug. No human trial has ever tested it. JSON: https://lyoresearch.com/api/v1/compounds/igf-1-lr3
- [DSIP (delta sleep-inducing peptide)](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/dsip): grade C · Several small trials, 1981–1998 · Not approved. A sleep peptide that was actually tested in insomnia in the 1980s — and mostly did not work. JSON: https://lyoresearch.com/api/v1/compounds/dsip
- [MK-677 (ibutamoren)](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/mk-677): grade B · 2 large RCTs (n=65 over 2 yr; n=563 over 1 yr) + small studies · Not approved. An oral, non-peptide growth-hormone secretagogue — the one with a year-long randomised trial, which found more lean mass and no less fat. JSON: https://lyoresearch.com/api/v1/compounds/mk-677
- [Dulaglutide](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/dulaglutide): grade A · REWIND (n=9,901) + AWARD programme · Approved (Rx). Once-weekly GLP-1 medicine approved since 2014. A cardiovascular-outcomes trial in nearly 10,000 people; weight loss well below the newer drugs. JSON: https://lyoresearch.com/api/v1/compounds/dulaglutide
- [Exenatide](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/exenatide): grade A · EXSCEL (n=14,752) + DURATION programme + Parkinson's phase 3 · Approved (Rx). The first GLP-1 medicine, from lizard venom, approved in 2005. Neutral in its cardiovascular trial; negative as a Parkinson's treatment. JSON: https://lyoresearch.com/api/v1/compounds/exenatide
- [Gonadorelin (GnRH)](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/gonadorelin): grade B · Decades of pulsatile-therapy studies; meta-analysis of 420 men; no trial of the TRT use · Licensed (diagnostic / pulsatile); TRT use unstudied. The natural hormone at the top of the reproductive axis. A licensed diagnostic and fertility treatment — and a TRT-clinic add-on with no trial for that use. JSON: https://lyoresearch.com/api/v1/compounds/gonadorelin
- [Afamelanotide (Melanotan I)](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/afamelanotide): grade A · 2 phase 3 RCTs (n=168) + long-term registry data · Approved (Rx) — erythropoietic protoporphyria. The original tanning peptide — which became an approved medicine for a rare light-sensitivity disease, as a 60-day implant. JSON: https://lyoresearch.com/api/v1/compounds/afamelanotide
- [Setmelanotide](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/setmelanotide): grade B · Single-arm phase 3 trials (n=10, n=11) with placebo-withdrawal; BBS trial (n=38); acquired hypothalamic obesity phase 3 RCT (n=120) · Approved (Rx) — rare genetic obesity; hypothalamic obesity in Canada. An approved obesity peptide — for a few thousand people worldwide with specific genetic defects, on trials of ten and eleven patients. JSON: https://lyoresearch.com/api/v1/compounds/setmelanotide
- [Follistatin 344](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/follistatin-344): grade D · 0 for the injected protein; 1 gene-therapy trial (n=6) · Not approved; research reagent. A myostatin-blocking protein sold as a muscle-building injection. The only human data is a six-patient gene-therapy trial — of a different thing. JSON: https://lyoresearch.com/api/v1/compounds/follistatin-344
- [Noopept (omberacetam)](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/noopept): grade D · 1 Russian comparative trial vs piracetam (2008); no independent replication · Not approved (outside Russia). A Russian dipeptide-derived nootropic, registered there since 2007, with one published trial — whose abstract is not even indexed. JSON: https://lyoresearch.com/api/v1/compounds/noopept
- [Cerebrolysin](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/cerebrolysin): grade C · 7 RCTs in stroke (n=1,773); 6 RCTs in vascular dementia (n=597); many small trials · Approved in Austria, Russia, China and others; not US/UK/EU-wide. A pig-brain peptide mixture given by infusion for stroke and dementia in some fifty countries. Cochrane: no effect on death after stroke, more serious adverse events. JSON: https://lyoresearch.com/api/v1/compounds/cerebrolysin
- [Teriparatide](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/teriparatide): grade A · Fracture Prevention Trial (n=1,637) + head-to-head VERO trial · Approved (Rx). The first medicine that builds bone rather than slowing its loss. Approved since 2002 on a trial that cut spinal fractures by two-thirds. JSON: https://lyoresearch.com/api/v1/compounds/teriparatide
- [Leuprolide (leuprorelin)](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/leuprolide): grade A · Randomised trials since 1984; decades of use · Approved (Rx). A GnRH analogue that switches the sex-hormone axis off. Forty years as a standard prostate-cancer treatment, and the drug behind most puberty suppression and IVF protocols. JSON: https://lyoresearch.com/api/v1/compounds/leuprolide
- [Pramlintide](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/pramlintide): grade A · Approval programme + 12-month obesity RCT (n=411) · Approved (Rx, US only). The first amylin drug, approved in the US in 2005 for diabetes. Modest weight loss in trials — and the ancestor of cagrilintide. JSON: https://lyoresearch.com/api/v1/compounds/pramlintide
- [Octreotide](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/octreotide): grade A · PROMID RCT (n=85) + approval programmes + decades of use · Approved (Rx). A synthetic version of the hormone that switches growth hormone off. Approved since 1988 for acromegaly and hormone-secreting tumours — and it slows those tumours' growth. JSON: https://lyoresearch.com/api/v1/compounds/octreotide
- [PEG-MGF](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/peg-mgf): grade D · 0 — every human study measures the body's own MGF · Not approved; research reagent. A pegylated fragment of a muscle-made IGF-1 variant, sold for repair and growth. Never injected into a human in any study. JSON: https://lyoresearch.com/api/v1/compounds/peg-mgf
- [Adipotide](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/adipotide): grade D · 0 published; a phase 1 in prostate cancer was registered and never reported · Not approved; investigational (stalled). A peptide designed to kill the blood vessels that feed fat. Dramatic in obese monkeys, kidney-toxic in the same monkeys, and never reported in a human. JSON: https://lyoresearch.com/api/v1/compounds/adipotide
- [AHK-Cu](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/ahk-cu): grade D · 0 — one ex vivo follicle study · Cosmetic ingredient; no clinical evidence. GHK-Cu's less-studied cousin, sold for hair growth. One laboratory study on plucked follicles; no human trial. JSON: https://lyoresearch.com/api/v1/compounds/ahk-cu
- [VIP (vasoactive intestinal peptide)](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/vip): grade B · TESICO RCT (n=461) + earlier sponsor RCT; small trials in ED and pulmonary hypertension · Licensed narrowly (ED, some countries); other uses unapproved. A 28-amino-acid gut and nerve hormone. Licensed in a few countries for erectile dysfunction; a 461-person COVID trial found nothing; sold as a nasal spray for 'mould illness' with no trial at all. JSON: https://lyoresearch.com/api/v1/compounds/vip
- [ARA-290 (cibinetide)](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/ara-290): grade C · Phase 2 RCTs in sarcoidosis neuropathy (n=64) and diabetes; no phase 3 · Not approved; investigational. An 11-amino-acid fragment of erythropoietin that repairs without raising red cells. A real phase 2 in a rare neuropathy; sold online for everything else. JSON: https://lyoresearch.com/api/v1/compounds/ara-290
- [CagriSema](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/cagrisema): grade B · 2 phase 3 RCTs published (n=3,417; n=1,206); 2 further phase 3 topline (Sep 2026) · Investigational (filed). Cagrilintide and semaglutide in one pen. Two published phase 3 trials: 20.4% weight loss at 68 weeks — less than the company had hoped, more than either drug alone. JSON: https://lyoresearch.com/api/v1/compounds/cagrisema
- [Eloralintide](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/eloralintide): grade C · 1 phase 2 RCT published (n=263); 1 phase 2b topline with tirzepatide (n=367); phase 3 running · Investigational (phase 3). Lilly's selective amylin agonist. A published 48-week phase 2 found up to 20% weight loss with fatigue, not nausea, as the signature side effect. JSON: https://lyoresearch.com/api/v1/compounds/eloralintide
- [Maridebart cafraglutide](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/maridebart-cafraglutide): grade B · 1 phase 2 RCT (n=592); phase 3 running · Investigational (phase 3). Amgen's once-monthly antibody with two GLP-1 peptides attached. Up to 16% weight loss at 52 weeks in a published phase 2, with a GIP-blocking twist. JSON: https://lyoresearch.com/api/v1/compounds/maridebart-cafraglutide
- [Ecnoglutide](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/ecnoglutide): grade B · 3 phase 3 RCTs published (obesity n=664; two in diabetes) · Investigational (phase 3 published). A Chinese once-weekly GLP-1 analogue with a published phase 3: 13.2% weight loss at 40 weeks. Approved nowhere outside China's review process. JSON: https://lyoresearch.com/api/v1/compounds/ecnoglutide
- [Abaloparatide](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/abaloparatide): grade A · ACTIVE RCT (n=2,463) + extension · Approved (Rx). The second bone-building peptide. An 18-month trial of 2,463 women cut new spinal fractures by more than 80%, with less high calcium than teriparatide. JSON: https://lyoresearch.com/api/v1/compounds/abaloparatide
- [Calcitonin (salmon)](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/calcitonin): grade A · PROOF RCT (n=1,255, 5 yr) + regulatory meta-analyses · Approved (Rx, restricted). A 32-amino-acid hormone that was an osteoporosis medicine for thirty years — until a cancer signal and a marginal fracture trial ended most of that use. JSON: https://lyoresearch.com/api/v1/compounds/calcitonin
- [Desmopressin](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/desmopressin): grade A · Cochrane review (14 RCTs, n=2,966) + decades of use · Approved (Rx). A nine-residue vasopressin analogue in use since the 1970s. Cuts night-time urination modestly; causes dangerous low sodium in about one older adult in thirteen. Banned in sport as a masking agent. JSON: https://lyoresearch.com/api/v1/compounds/desmopressin
- [Thymalin](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/thymalin): grade C · 1 uncontrolled long-term series (n=266); Russian reports · Not approved (Russia only). A calf-thymus peptide extract registered in Russia since the 1980s. Its longevity claim rests on one St Petersburg series without randomisation or blinding. JSON: https://lyoresearch.com/api/v1/compounds/thymalin
- [Pinealon](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/pinealon): grade D · 0 controlled · Not approved. A three-amino-acid 'brain bioregulator' from the epitalon school. Cell and rat studies; the human reports are Russian, uncontrolled and unindexed. JSON: https://lyoresearch.com/api/v1/compounds/pinealon
- [FOXO4-DRI](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/foxo4-dri): grade D · 0 · Not approved (preclinical). The senolytic peptide. One landmark mouse paper in Cell, no human study of any kind, and a grey market that sells it as an anti-ageing injection. JSON: https://lyoresearch.com/api/v1/compounds/foxo4-dri
- [Petrelintide](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/petrelintide): grade C · 1 phase 2 RCT (n=493) and 2 phase 1 RCTs published; phase 3 running · Investigational (phase 3). Zealand and Roche's weekly amylin analogue. A published phase 2: 8–10% weight loss at 28 weeks in 493 adults, with nausea in one in five. Phase 3 started in September 2026. JSON: https://lyoresearch.com/api/v1/compounds/petrelintide
- [Lixisenatide](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/lixisenatide): grade A · GetGoal programme; ELIXA (n=6,068); LIXIPARK (n=156) · Approved (Rx). A once-daily GLP-1 medicine with a neutral heart trial and one unexpected result: slower motor decline in early Parkinson's disease, in a 156-person phase 2. JSON: https://lyoresearch.com/api/v1/compounds/lixisenatide
- [Insulin](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/insulin): grade A · DCCT (n=1,441), UKPDS (n=3,867) and a century of use · Approved (Rx). The original peptide medicine, in use since 1922. Included as the reference point: what a century of evidence looks like, and what the sharpest peptide side effect looks like. JSON: https://lyoresearch.com/api/v1/compounds/insulin
- [Collagen peptides](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/collagen-peptides): grade C · 20+ small RCTs; meta-analyses disagree by funding and quality · Food supplement. The best-selling peptide supplement. Pooled trials show better skin hydration and elasticity — until the trials are sorted by who paid for them, when the effect disappears. JSON: https://lyoresearch.com/api/v1/compounds/collagen-peptides
- [Carnosine](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/carnosine): grade C · 8 small RCTs (n=377) in a meta-analysis · Food supplement. A muscle dipeptide sold as a supplement for ageing and blood sugar. Eight small trials pooled show lower fasting glucose and HbA1c in prediabetes and diabetes. JSON: https://lyoresearch.com/api/v1/compounds/carnosine
- [Vilon](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/vilon): grade D · 0 · Not approved. A two-amino-acid 'thymic bioregulator' from the epitalon school. Mouse lifespan and tumour studies; no human trial. JSON: https://lyoresearch.com/api/v1/compounds/vilon
- [Cortexin](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/cortexin): grade C · 1 double-blind RCT (n=272, Russian); open trials · Not approved (Russia only). A Russian brain-extract injection for stroke and cognitive decline, like cerebrolysin. One double-blind trial of 272 patients exists — with no numbers in its abstract. JSON: https://lyoresearch.com/api/v1/compounds/cortexin

## Questions, one per claimed effect (answer-first, graded, with the studies)
- [Does BPC-157 help with tendon & ligament healing?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/bpc-157/tendon-and-ligament-healing): grade D · 0 controlled
- [Does BPC-157 help with gut mucosal healing?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/bpc-157/gut-mucosal-healing): grade D · 0 controlled
- [Does BPC-157 help with pain reduction?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/bpc-157/pain-reduction): grade D · 1 case series (n=12)
- [How common is safety in humans with BPC-157?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/bpc-157/safety-in-humans): grade D · 1 open-label pilot (n=2)
- [Does Semaglutide help with body weight?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/semaglutide/body-weight): grade A · 15+ RCTs
- [Does Semaglutide help with blood glucose?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/semaglutide/blood-glucose-hba1c): grade A · 10+ RCTs
- [Does Semaglutide help with major cardiovascular events?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/semaglutide/major-cardiovascular-events): grade A · 1 large RCT
- [How common is GI side effects with Semaglutide?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/semaglutide/gi-side-effects): grade A · All trials
- [How common is lean mass loss with Semaglutide?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/semaglutide/lean-mass-loss): grade B · Sub-studies
- [Does Semaglutide help with BMI in children aged 6–11?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/semaglutide/bmi-in-children-aged-6-11): grade B · 1 phase 3 RCT topline (n=165)
- [Does Retatrutide help with body weight?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/retatrutide/body-weight): grade A · 2 phase 3 + 1 phase 2 RCT published; 2 phase 3 topline
- [Does Retatrutide help with blood glucose?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/retatrutide/blood-glucose-hba1c): grade A · 1 phase 3 + 1 phase 2 RCT
- [Does Retatrutide help with knee osteoarthritis pain?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/retatrutide/knee-osteoarthritis-pain): grade B · 1 phase 3 RCT published (subgroup n=574); 1 phase 3 topline
- [Does Retatrutide help with obstructive sleep apnoea?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/retatrutide/obstructive-sleep-apnoea): grade B · 1 phase 3 RCT (subgroup n=243)
- [How common is GI side effects with Retatrutide?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/retatrutide/gi-side-effects): grade A · 2 phase 3 + 1 phase 2 RCT published; phase 3 topline
- [How common is dysesthesia with Retatrutide?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/retatrutide/dysesthesia-skin-sensation-changes): grade B · 1 phase 3 RCT published; phase 3 topline
- [Does Tirzepatide help with body weight?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/tirzepatide/body-weight): grade A · 10+ RCTs
- [Does Tirzepatide help with blood glucose?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/tirzepatide/blood-glucose-hba1c): grade A · 5 SURPASS RCTs
- [Does Tirzepatide help with obstructive sleep apnoea?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/tirzepatide/obstructive-sleep-apnoea): grade A · 2 RCTs
- [Does Tirzepatide help with cardiovascular events?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/tirzepatide/cardiovascular-events): grade A · 1 large outcomes RCT (n=13,165)
- [How common is GI side effects with Tirzepatide?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/tirzepatide/gi-side-effects): grade A · All trials
- [Does Tesamorelin help with visceral fat?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/tesamorelin/visceral-fat-hiv-lipodystrophy): grade A · 2 phase 3 RCTs (n=816)
- [Does Tesamorelin help with liver fat?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/tesamorelin/liver-fat-hiv-with-nafld): grade B · 1 RCT (n=61)
- [Does Tesamorelin help with cognition in older adults?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/tesamorelin/cognition-in-older-adults): grade C · 1 RCT (n=152)
- [Does Tesamorelin help with fat loss in healthy adults?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/tesamorelin/fat-loss-in-healthy-adults): grade D · None
- [How common is IGF-1 elevation and glucose effects with Tesamorelin?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/tesamorelin/igf-1-elevation-and-glucose-effects): grade A · Phase 3 programme
- [Does Ipamorelin help with growth hormone release?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/ipamorelin/growth-hormone-release): grade C · Small early-phase studies
- [Does Ipamorelin help with post-operative ileus?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/ipamorelin/post-operative-ileus-gut-recovery): grade C · 1 RCT (n=117)
- [Does Ipamorelin help with body composition?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/ipamorelin/body-composition): grade D · None controlled
- [Does Ipamorelin help with sleep or recovery?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/ipamorelin/sleep-or-recovery): grade D · None
- [How common is safety in humans with Ipamorelin?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/ipamorelin/safety-in-humans): grade C · 1 RCT + early-phase
- [Does GHK-Cu help with skin appearance?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/ghk-cu/skin-appearance-topical): grade C · 3–4 small trials
- [Does GHK-Cu help with wound healing?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/ghk-cu/wound-healing-topical): grade C · Small trials, mixed
- [Does GHK-Cu help with hair growth?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/ghk-cu/hair-growth): grade D · None controlled
- [Does GHK-Cu help with any outcome?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/ghk-cu/any-outcome-injected): grade D · None
- [Does Epitalon help with lifespan / mortality?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/epitalon/lifespan-mortality): grade D · Uncontrolled, single group
- [Does Epitalon help with telomerase activation?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/epitalon/telomerase-activation): grade D · Cell culture only
- [Does Epitalon help with melatonin / sleep?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/epitalon/melatonin-sleep): grade D · Small uncontrolled
- [How common is safety in humans with Epitalon?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/epitalon/safety-in-humans): grade D · None systematic
- [Does TB-500 help with tendon, muscle & ligament healing?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/tb-500/tendon-muscle-and-ligament-healing-injected): grade D · 0 completed
- [Does TB-500 help with dry eye disease?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/tb-500/dry-eye-disease-topical-rgn-259): grade B · 2 phase 3 RCTs
- [Does TB-500 help with cardiac repair?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/tb-500/cardiac-repair): grade D · None
- [How common is safety in humans with TB-500?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/tb-500/safety-in-humans-injected): grade D · None systematic
- [Does Cagrilintide help with body weight?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/cagrilintide/body-weight-with-semaglutide-cagrisema): grade B · 1 large phase 3 RCT
- [Does Cagrilintide help with body weight?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/cagrilintide/body-weight-alone): grade B · Phase 2 + phase 3 arm
- [How common is GI side effects with Cagrilintide?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/cagrilintide/gi-side-effects): grade B · Phase 3
- [Does Semax help with cognitive performance?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/semax/cognitive-performance): grade D · Russian-language, mostly uncontrolled
- [Does Semax help with stroke recovery?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/semax/stroke-recovery): grade D · Russian trials, not independently replicated
- [Does Semax help with anxiety / stress?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/semax/anxiety-stress): grade D · None controlled internationally
- [How common is safety in humans with Semax?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/semax/safety-in-humans): grade D · No systematic international data
- [Does Selank help with anxiety?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/selank/anxiety): grade D · Small Russian studies
- [Does Selank help with cognitive effects?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/selank/cognitive-effects): grade D · None controlled internationally
- [How common is safety in humans with Selank?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/selank/safety-in-humans): grade D · No systematic international data
- [Does PT-141 help with sexual desire?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/pt-141/sexual-desire-premenopausal-women-hsdd): grade A · 2 phase 3 RCTs
- [Does PT-141 help with sexual distress?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/pt-141/sexual-distress-same-population): grade A · 2 phase 3 RCTs
- [Does PT-141 help with erectile function / use in men?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/pt-141/erectile-function-use-in-men): grade C · Earlier phase 2 work
- [How common is nausea with PT-141?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/pt-141/nausea): grade A · Phase 3
- [How common is flushing and headache with PT-141?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/pt-141/flushing-and-headache): grade A · Phase 3
- [Does Sermorelin help with growth hormone / IGF-1 elevation?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/sermorelin/growth-hormone-igf-1-elevation): grade A · Approval-grade paediatric data
- [Does Sermorelin help with body composition in adults?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/sermorelin/body-composition-in-adults): grade C · Small studies, mostly open-label
- [Does Sermorelin help with sleep quality?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/sermorelin/sleep-quality): grade D · Anecdotal / small
- [How common is safety in adults with Sermorelin?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/sermorelin/safety-in-adults): grade C · Compounding-era use
- [Does CJC-1295 help with growth hormone / IGF-1 elevation?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/cjc-1295/growth-hormone-igf-1-elevation): grade B · Phase 1 / early phase 2
- [Does CJC-1295 help with body composition?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/cjc-1295/body-composition): grade D · None
- [Does CJC-1295 help with any clinical outcome?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/cjc-1295/any-clinical-outcome): grade D · None
- [How common is safety in humans with CJC-1295?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/cjc-1295/safety-in-humans): grade C · Early-phase only
- [Does AOD-9604 help with fat mass reduction?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/aod-9604/fat-mass-reduction): grade D · Pooled trials, 900+ participants
- [Does AOD-9604 help with body weight?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/aod-9604/body-weight): grade D · Pooled trials
- [Does AOD-9604 help with osteoarthritis / cartilage?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/aod-9604/osteoarthritis-cartilage): grade D · None conclusive
- [How common is safety in humans with AOD-9604?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/aod-9604/safety-in-humans): grade C · Trial programme
- [Does MOTS-c help with insulin sensitivity / metabolic health?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/mots-c/insulin-sensitivity-metabolic-health): grade D · 0 controlled
- [Does MOTS-c help with exercise capacity?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/mots-c/exercise-capacity): grade D · 0 controlled
- [Does MOTS-c help with longevity?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/mots-c/longevity): grade D · None
- [How common is safety in humans with MOTS-c?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/mots-c/safety-in-humans): grade D · None
- [Does Liraglutide help with body weight?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/liraglutide/body-weight-adults): grade A · 5 SCALE RCTs
- [Does Liraglutide help with major cardiovascular events?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/liraglutide/major-cardiovascular-events): grade A · 1 large outcome RCT
- [Does Liraglutide help with blood glucose?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/liraglutide/blood-glucose-hba1c): grade A · LEAD programme, 6 RCTs
- [Does Liraglutide help with body weight?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/liraglutide/body-weight-adolescents-12-17): grade A · 1 RCT
- [Does Liraglutide help with body weight?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/liraglutide/body-weight-children-6-11): grade B · 1 RCT
- [How common is GI side effects with Liraglutide?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/liraglutide/gi-side-effects): grade A · All trials
- [How common is gallbladder events with Liraglutide?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/liraglutide/gallbladder-events): grade A · SCALE + LEADER
- [Does Survodutide help with body weight?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/survodutide/body-weight): grade B · 1 phase 3 RCT + phase 2
- [Does Survodutide help with body weight?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/survodutide/body-weight-obesity-with-type-2-diabetes): grade B · 1 phase 3 RCT (n=752, 76 wk)
- [Does Survodutide help with liver disease?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/survodutide/liver-disease-mash-resolution): grade B · 1 phase 2 RCT; phase 3 running
- [Does Survodutide help with liver fat and visceral fat?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/survodutide/liver-fat-and-visceral-fat): grade B · Phase 3 (SYNCHRONIZE-MASLD)
- [How common is GI side effects with Survodutide?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/survodutide/gi-side-effects): grade B · Phase 3
- [How common is heart rate increase with Survodutide?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/survodutide/heart-rate-increase): grade B · Phase 2 + 3
- [Does Mazdutide help with body weight?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/mazdutide/body-weight): grade A · 2 phase 3 RCTs
- [Does Mazdutide help with liver fat?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/mazdutide/liver-fat): grade B · Phase 3 sub-analyses
- [Does Mazdutide help with blood glucose?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/mazdutide/blood-glucose-hba1c): grade A · DREAMS phase 3 programme
- [How common is GI side effects with Mazdutide?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/mazdutide/gi-side-effects): grade A · Phase 3
- [Does Kisspeptin help with LH and testosterone release?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/kisspeptin/lh-and-testosterone-release): grade B · Many small studies
- [Does Kisspeptin help with IVF egg maturation trigger?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/kisspeptin/ivf-egg-maturation-trigger): grade C · 2 phase 2 trials
- [Does Kisspeptin help with sexual desire?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/kisspeptin/sexual-desire-women-with-hsdd): grade C · 1 crossover RCT (n=32)
- [Does Kisspeptin help with sexual desire and arousal?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/kisspeptin/sexual-desire-and-arousal-men-with-hsdd): grade C · 1 crossover RCT (n=32)
- [How common is safety with Kisspeptin?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/kisspeptin/safety): grade C · Small studies
- [Does Thymosin α1 help with sepsis mortality?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/thymosin-alpha-1/sepsis-mortality): grade A · 1 large phase 3 RCT + earlier smaller RCTs
- [Does Thymosin α1 help with chronic hepatitis B?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/thymosin-alpha-1/chronic-hepatitis-b-viral-response): grade B · 10+ RCTs, mostly small
- [Does Thymosin α1 help with vaccine response in the elderly and dialysis patients?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/thymosin-alpha-1/vaccine-response-in-the-elderly-and-dialysis-patients): grade B · Several RCTs
- [Does Thymosin α1 help with COVID-19 outcomes?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/thymosin-alpha-1/covid-19-outcomes): grade C · Observational + small RCTs
- [How common is safety with Thymosin α1?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/thymosin-alpha-1/safety): grade A · TESTS + decades of use
- [Does LL-37 help with venous leg ulcer healing?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/ll-37/venous-leg-ulcer-healing-topical): grade C · 2 RCTs (n=34, n=148)
- [Does LL-37 help with antimicrobial action in people?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/ll-37/antimicrobial-action-in-people): grade D · 0 controlled
- [Does LL-37 help with systemic 'immune support' or anti-inflammatory use?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/ll-37/systemic-immune-support-or-anti-inflammatory-use): grade D · 0
- [How common is safety with LL-37?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/ll-37/safety-topical): grade C · 2 RCTs
- [Does SS-31 (elamipretide) help with barth syndrome?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/ss-31/barth-syndrome-muscle-strength-and-symptoms): grade C · 1 crossover RCT + open-label extension (n=12)
- [Does SS-31 (elamipretide) help with primary mitochondrial myopathy?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/ss-31/primary-mitochondrial-myopathy): grade D · 1 phase 3 RCT (n=218)
- [Does SS-31 (elamipretide) help with heart failure?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/ss-31/heart-failure-reduced-ejection-fraction): grade D · 1 phase 2 RCT (n=71)
- [Does SS-31 (elamipretide) help with dry age-related macular degeneration?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/ss-31/dry-age-related-macular-degeneration): grade C · 1 phase 2 RCT (n=176)
- [How common is safety in humans with SS-31 (elamipretide)?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/ss-31/safety-in-humans): grade C · Across the trial programme
- [Does Oxytocin (intranasal) help with social function in autism?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/oxytocin/social-function-in-autism): grade B · 1 large phase 2 RCT (n=290)
- [Does Oxytocin (intranasal) help with weight loss in obesity?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/oxytocin/weight-loss-in-obesity): grade C · 1 RCT (n=61)
- [Does Oxytocin (intranasal) help with appetite / caloric intake?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/oxytocin/appetite-caloric-intake-acute): grade C · Small crossover studies
- [How common is safety with Oxytocin (intranasal)?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/oxytocin/safety-intranasal-short-term): grade B · Multiple RCTs
- [Does Melanotan II help with erectile function?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/melanotan-2/erectile-function-psychogenic-ed): grade C · Small crossover RCTs
- [Does Melanotan II help with skin tanning?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/melanotan-2/skin-tanning): grade C · Pilot studies (n≈3–12)
- [How common is safety in humans with Melanotan II?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/melanotan-2/safety-in-humans): grade C · Trials + case reports
- [Does Hexarelin help with growth hormone release?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/hexarelin/growth-hormone-release): grade C · Multiple acute studies + 1 chronic study
- [Does Hexarelin help with body composition?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/hexarelin/body-composition): grade D · 1 chronic study (n small)
- [Does Hexarelin help with cardiac effects?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/hexarelin/cardiac-effects): grade D · Mechanistic only
- [How common is safety in humans with Hexarelin?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/hexarelin/safety-in-humans): grade C · Early-phase
- [Does GHRP-2 help with growth hormone release?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/ghrp-2/growth-hormone-release-diagnostic): grade A · Approval-grade diagnostic studies
- [Does GHRP-2 help with appetite?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/ghrp-2/appetite): grade C · Small crossover study (n=7)
- [Does GHRP-2 help with body composition?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/ghrp-2/body-composition): grade D · None
- [How common is safety in humans with GHRP-2?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/ghrp-2/safety-in-humans): grade C · Diagnostic use
- [Does GHRP-6 help with growth hormone release?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/ghrp-6/growth-hormone-release-diagnostic): grade B · Diagnostic comparison studies
- [Does GHRP-6 help with appetite?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/ghrp-6/appetite): grade C · Small human studies
- [Does GHRP-6 help with body composition?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/ghrp-6/body-composition): grade D · None
- [How common is safety in humans with GHRP-6?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/ghrp-6/safety-in-humans): grade C · Diagnostic use
- [Does NAD+ and precursors help with raising NAD+ levels?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/nad-plus/raising-nad-levels): grade B · Multiple RCTs (NR, NMN)
- [Does NAD+ and precursors help with insulin sensitivity / metabolic health?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/nad-plus/insulin-sensitivity-metabolic-health): grade C · 1 small RCT (n=25), contested
- [Does NAD+ and precursors help with anti-ageing / physical function?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/nad-plus/anti-ageing-physical-function): grade D · No outcome trials
- [How common is safety with NAD+ and precursors?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/nad-plus/safety-oral-precursors): grade B · Multiple RCTs
- [Does KPV help with intestinal / systemic inflammation?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/kpv/intestinal-systemic-inflammation): grade D · 0 controlled
- [Does KPV help with wound healing / recovery?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/kpv/wound-healing-recovery): grade D · None
- [How common is safety in humans with KPV?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/kpv/safety-in-humans): grade D · None
- [Does Humanin help with cytoprotection / metabolic health?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/humanin/cytoprotection-metabolic-health): grade D · 0 controlled
- [Does Humanin help with ageing / longevity?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/humanin/ageing-longevity): grade D · Association only
- [How common is safety in humans with Humanin?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/humanin/safety-in-humans): grade D · None
- [Does Dihexa help with cognition / synapse formation?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/dihexa/cognition-synapse-formation): grade D · 0 controlled
- [How common is safety in humans with Dihexa?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/dihexa/safety-in-humans): grade D · None
- [Does 5-Amino-1MQ help with fat loss / metabolic health?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/5-amino-1mq/fat-loss-metabolic-health): grade D · 0 controlled
- [How common is safety in humans with 5-Amino-1MQ?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/5-amino-1mq/safety-in-humans): grade D · None
- [Does Orforglipron help with body weight?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/orforglipron/body-weight): grade A · Phase 3 RCT (n=3,127) + programme
- [Does Orforglipron help with blood glucose?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/orforglipron/blood-glucose-hba1c): grade A · Phase 3 RCT (n=559) + programme
- [Does Orforglipron help with major cardiovascular events?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/orforglipron/major-cardiovascular-events): grade B · 1 phase 3 safety RCT (ACHIEVE-4, n=2,749, median 2 yr)
- [How common is GI side effects with Orforglipron?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/orforglipron/gi-side-effects): grade A · Phase 3 programme
- [Does Amycretin help with body weight?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/amycretin/body-weight): grade C · 1 phase 1b/2a RCT (n=125)
- [Does Amycretin help with blood glucosein type 2 diabetes?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/amycretin/blood-glucose-hba1c-in-type-2-diabetes): grade B · 1 phase 2 RCT (n=262); oral companion trial
- [How common is trial retention with Amycretin?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/amycretin/trial-retention): grade C · 1 phase 1b/2a RCT
- [How common is GI side effects with Amycretin?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/amycretin/gi-side-effects): grade C · 1 phase 1b/2a RCT
- [Does Human growth hormone (somatropin) help with body composition in healthy older adults?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/hgh/body-composition-in-healthy-older-adults): grade A · Meta-analysis, 18 study populations
- [Does Human growth hormone (somatropin) help with growth-hormone deficiency?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/hgh/growth-hormone-deficiency): grade A · Approval-grade programmes
- [Does Human growth hormone (somatropin) help with anti-ageing?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/hgh/anti-ageing): grade D · No trial supports it
- [How common is adverse effects with Human growth hormone (somatropin)?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/hgh/adverse-effects): grade A · Meta-analysis
- [Does HCG (human chorionic gonadotropin) help with ovulation induction and fertility?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/hcg/ovulation-induction-and-fertility): grade A · Approval-grade programmes
- [Does HCG (human chorionic gonadotropin) help with testosterone stimulation in men?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/hcg/testosterone-stimulation-in-men): grade A · Approval-grade
- [Does HCG (human chorionic gonadotropin) help with weight loss?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/hcg/weight-loss): grade A · Meta-analysis of 8 controlled trials
- [Does Glutathione help with skin lightening?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/glutathione/skin-lightening): grade C · 4 studies in systematic review (3 RCTs)
- [How common is oral bioavailability with Glutathione?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/glutathione/oral-bioavailability): grade C · Reviews
- [Does Glutathione help with intravenous use for skin?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/glutathione/intravenous-use-for-skin): grade D · No adequate controlled trial
- [How common is endotoxin reactions from compounded injectables with Glutathione?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/glutathione/endotoxin-reactions-from-compounded-injectables): grade B · FDA case series (≥30 patients); recalls
- [How common is safety with Glutathione?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/glutathione/safety-oral-short-term): grade C · Small trials
- [Does IGF-1 LR3 help with muscle growth?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/igf-1-lr3/muscle-growth): grade D · 0 controlled
- [Does IGF-1 LR3 help with any clinical outcome?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/igf-1-lr3/any-clinical-outcome): grade D · 0 controlled
- [How common is safety in humans with IGF-1 LR3?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/igf-1-lr3/safety-in-humans): grade D · None
- [Does DSIP (delta sleep-inducing peptide) help with sleep in chronic insomnia?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/dsip/sleep-in-chronic-insomnia): grade C · 1 double-blind RCT (n=16) + small studies
- [Does DSIP (delta sleep-inducing peptide) help with opioid withdrawal?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/dsip/opioid-withdrawal): grade D · 1 open trial
- [Does DSIP (delta sleep-inducing peptide) help with recovery, stress or performance?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/dsip/recovery-stress-or-performance): grade D · None
- [How common is safety in humans with DSIP (delta sleep-inducing peptide)?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/dsip/safety-in-humans): grade D · No systematic data
- [Does MK-677 (ibutamoren) help with growth hormone / IGF-1 elevation?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/mk-677/growth-hormone-igf-1-elevation): grade A · Multiple RCTs
- [Does MK-677 (ibutamoren) help with lean mass?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/mk-677/lean-mass-older-adults): grade B · 1 RCT (n=65, 12 months)
- [Does MK-677 (ibutamoren) help with fat loss?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/mk-677/fat-loss): grade B · 1 RCT (n=65) — no effect
- [Does MK-677 (ibutamoren) help with alzheimer's disease progression?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/mk-677/alzheimer-s-disease-progression): grade A · 1 RCT (n=563, 12 months) — negative
- [How common is adverse effects with MK-677 (ibutamoren)?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/mk-677/adverse-effects): grade B · Same RCTs
- [Does Dulaglutide help with major cardiovascular events?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/dulaglutide/major-cardiovascular-events-type-2-diabetes): grade A · 1 large RCT (n=9,901, median 5.4 yr)
- [Does Dulaglutide help with blood glucose?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/dulaglutide/blood-glucose-hba1c): grade A · AWARD programme (10+ RCTs)
- [Does Dulaglutide help with body weight?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/dulaglutide/body-weight): grade A · AWARD programme
- [Does Dulaglutide help with all-cause mortality?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/dulaglutide/all-cause-mortality): grade A · REWIND
- [How common is gastrointestinal adverse effects with Dulaglutide?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/dulaglutide/gastrointestinal-adverse-effects): grade A · REWIND
- [Does Exenatide help with blood glucose?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/exenatide/blood-glucose-hba1c): grade A · DURATION and AMIGO programmes
- [Does Exenatide help with body weight?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/exenatide/body-weight): grade A · Multiple RCTs
- [Does Exenatide help with major cardiovascular events?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/exenatide/major-cardiovascular-events-type-2-diabetes): grade A · 1 large RCT (n=14,752, median 3.2 yr)
- [Does Exenatide help with parkinson's disease progression?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/exenatide/parkinson-s-disease-progression): grade B · 1 phase 3 RCT (n=194, 96 wk) — negative; 1 phase 2 positive
- [How common is adverse effects with Exenatide?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/exenatide/adverse-effects): grade A · EXSCEL and programme
- [Does Gonadorelin (GnRH) help with LH and FSH release?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/gonadorelin/lh-and-fsh-release-diagnostic): grade A · Approval-grade
- [Does Gonadorelin (GnRH) help with fertility in hypogonadotropic hypogonadism?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/gonadorelin/fertility-in-hypogonadotropic-hypogonadism-pulsatile-pump): grade B · 7 comparative studies, 420 men (meta-analysis); many small series
- [Does Gonadorelin (GnRH) help with preserving testicular function on testosterone therapy?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/gonadorelin/preserving-testicular-function-on-testosterone-therapy): grade D · None
- [How common is adverse effects with Gonadorelin (GnRH)?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/gonadorelin/adverse-effects): grade B · Pulsatile-therapy series
- [Does Afamelanotide (Melanotan I) help with pain-free sun exposure in erythropoietic protoporphyria?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/afamelanotide/pain-free-sun-exposure-in-erythropoietic-protoporphyria): grade A · 2 phase 3 RCTs (EU n=74, US n=94)
- [Does Afamelanotide (Melanotan I) help with skin pigmentation?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/afamelanotide/skin-pigmentation-tanning): grade B · Early trials + the phase 3 programme
- [Does Afamelanotide (Melanotan I) help with vitiligo repigmentation?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/afamelanotide/vitiligo-repigmentation): grade C · Small RCTs with phototherapy
- [How common is adverse effects with Afamelanotide (Melanotan I)?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/afamelanotide/adverse-effects): grade A · Phase 3 + registry
- [Does Setmelanotide help with weight loss in POMC / LEPR deficiency obesity?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/setmelanotide/weight-loss-in-pomc-lepr-deficiency-obesity): grade B · 2 single-arm phase 3 trials (n=10, n=11) with 8-wk placebo withdrawal
- [Does Setmelanotide help with hunger in POMC / LEPR deficiency?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/setmelanotide/hunger-in-pomc-lepr-deficiency): grade B · Same trials
- [Does Setmelanotide help with weight loss in Bardet-Biedl syndrome?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/setmelanotide/weight-loss-in-bardet-biedl-syndrome): grade B · 1 phase 3 with 14-wk placebo-controlled period (n=38)
- [Does Setmelanotide help with weight loss in acquired hypothalamic obesity?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/setmelanotide/weight-loss-in-acquired-hypothalamic-obesity): grade B · 1 phase 3 RCT (TRANSCEND, n=120, 52 wk)
- [Does Setmelanotide help with commonobesity?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/setmelanotide/common-polygenic-obesity): grade D · No approved use; early trials only
- [How common is adverse effects with Setmelanotide?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/setmelanotide/adverse-effects): grade B · Same trials
- [Does Follistatin 344 help with muscle growth / strength?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/follistatin-344/muscle-growth-strength-injected-protein): grade D · 0 controlled
- [Does Follistatin 344 help with muscle function in Becker muscular dystrophy?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/follistatin-344/muscle-function-in-becker-muscular-dystrophy-gene-therapy): grade D · 1 open-label phase 1/2a (n=6)
- [Does Follistatin 344 help with fat loss?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/follistatin-344/fat-loss): grade D · None
- [How common is safety in humans with Follistatin 344?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/follistatin-344/safety-in-humans): grade D · None for the protein
- [Does Noopept (omberacetam) help with cognitive impairment after brain injury or stroke?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/noopept/cognitive-impairment-after-brain-injury-or-stroke): grade D · 1 Russian comparative trial (vs piracetam)
- [Does Noopept (omberacetam) help with cognition in healthy people?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/noopept/cognition-in-healthy-people): grade D · None
- [Does Noopept (omberacetam) help with anxiety?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/noopept/anxiety): grade D · None controlled
- [How common is safety in humans with Noopept (omberacetam)?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/noopept/safety-in-humans): grade D · No systematic international data
- [Does Cerebrolysin help with survival after acute ischaemic stroke?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/cerebrolysin/survival-after-acute-ischaemic-stroke): grade A · Cochrane review: 6 RCTs, 1,689 participants
- [Does Cerebrolysin help with cognition in vascular dementia?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/cerebrolysin/cognition-in-vascular-dementia): grade C · Cochrane review: 6 RCTs, 597 participants
- [Does Cerebrolysin help with alzheimer's disease?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/cerebrolysin/alzheimer-s-disease): grade C · Several small RCTs
- [Does Cerebrolysin help with traumatic brain injury recovery?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/cerebrolysin/traumatic-brain-injury-recovery): grade C · Small RCTs and cohort studies
- [How common is serious adverse events with Cerebrolysin?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/cerebrolysin/serious-adverse-events-stroke): grade A · Cochrane review: 3 RCTs, 1,335 participants
- [Does Teriparatide help with vertebral fracture risk?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/teriparatide/vertebral-fracture-risk-postmenopausal-osteoporosis): grade A · 1 large RCT (n=1,637, median 21 mo)
- [Does Teriparatide help with non-vertebral fracture risk?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/teriparatide/non-vertebral-fracture-risk): grade A · Same RCT
- [Does Teriparatide help with bone mineral density?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/teriparatide/bone-mineral-density): grade A · Same RCT + many
- [Does Teriparatide help with versus risedronate?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/teriparatide/versus-risedronate-head-to-head): grade A · VERO RCT (n=1,360, 24 mo)
- [How common is adverse effects with Teriparatide?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/teriparatide/adverse-effects): grade A · Approval trial + 20 years of surveillance
- [Does Leuprolide (leuprorelin) help with metastatic prostate cancer?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/leuprolide/metastatic-prostate-cancer-hormone-suppression): grade A · RCT vs DES (n=199) + 40 years of trials
- [Does Leuprolide (leuprorelin) help with testosterone suppression to castrate levels?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/leuprolide/testosterone-suppression-to-castrate-levels): grade A · Approval-grade
- [Does Leuprolide (leuprorelin) help with central precocious puberty?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/leuprolide/central-precocious-puberty): grade A · Approval-grade programmes
- [Does Leuprolide (leuprorelin) help with endometriosis and uterine fibroids?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/leuprolide/endometriosis-and-uterine-fibroids): grade A · Multiple RCTs
- [How common is adverse effects with Leuprolide (leuprorelin)?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/leuprolide/adverse-effects): grade A · Same trials + surveillance
- [Does Pramlintide help with blood glucose?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/pramlintide/blood-glucose-with-insulin): grade A · Approval programme (type 1 and type 2)
- [Does Pramlintide help with body weight?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/pramlintide/body-weight-obesity-without-diabetes): grade B · 1 RCT (n=411) with 8-month extension
- [Does Pramlintide help with body weight?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/pramlintide/body-weight-diabetes-with-insulin): grade A · Approval programme
- [How common is adverse effects with Pramlintide?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/pramlintide/adverse-effects): grade A · Same trials
- [Does Octreotide help with acromegaly?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/octreotide/acromegaly-growth-hormone-and-igf-1-control): grade A · Approval-grade programmes; many RCTs
- [Does Octreotide help with carcinoid syndrome symptoms?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/octreotide/carcinoid-syndrome-symptoms): grade A · Approval-grade
- [Does Octreotide help with tumour progression in midgut neuroendocrine tumours?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/octreotide/tumour-progression-in-midgut-neuroendocrine-tumours): grade A · 1 placebo-controlled RCT (n=85)
- [Does Octreotide help with overall survival in neuroendocrine tumours?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/octreotide/overall-survival-in-neuroendocrine-tumours): grade B · PROMID (underpowered)
- [How common is adverse effects with Octreotide?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/octreotide/adverse-effects): grade A · Decades of use
- [Does PEG-MGF help with muscle growth or repair?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/peg-mgf/muscle-growth-or-repair-injected): grade D · 0 controlled
- [Does PEG-MGF help with MGF expression after exercise?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/peg-mgf/mgf-expression-after-exercise-the-body-s-own): grade D · Several small physiology studies
- [How common is safety in humans with PEG-MGF?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/peg-mgf/safety-in-humans): grade D · None
- [Does Adipotide help with fat loss?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/adipotide/fat-loss-humans): grade D · 0 published
- [Does Adipotide help with fat loss?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/adipotide/fat-loss-obese-primates): grade D · Preclinical only
- [How common is kidney toxicity with Adipotide?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/adipotide/kidney-toxicity-primates): grade D · Preclinical only
- [Does AHK-Cu help with hair growth?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/ahk-cu/hair-growth-topical-in-people): grade D · 0 controlled
- [Does AHK-Cu help with hair follicle elongation?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/ahk-cu/hair-follicle-elongation-ex-vivo): grade D · 1 laboratory study
- [Does AHK-Cu help with injected use?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/ahk-cu/injected-use-skin-hair): grade D · None
- [How common is safety in humans with AHK-Cu?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/ahk-cu/safety-in-humans): grade D · Cosmetic-use experience only
- [Does VIP (vasoactive intestinal peptide) help with COVID-19 respiratory failure?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/vip/covid-19-respiratory-failure-intravenous): grade A · 1 large RCT (n=461) — stopped for futility
- [Does VIP (vasoactive intestinal peptide) help with survival in COVID-19 respiratory failure?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/vip/survival-in-covid-19-respiratory-failure): grade A · TESICO
- [Does VIP (vasoactive intestinal peptide) help with erectile dysfunction?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/vip/erectile-dysfunction-intracavernosal-with-phentolamine): grade B · Licensing trials
- [Does VIP (vasoactive intestinal peptide) help with pulmonary hypertension?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/vip/pulmonary-hypertension-inhaled): grade C · Small studies
- [Does VIP (vasoactive intestinal peptide) help with 'Mould illness' / CIRS?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/vip/mould-illness-cirs-nasal-spray): grade D · None controlled
- [How common is adverse effects with VIP (vasoactive intestinal peptide)?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/vip/adverse-effects): grade A · TESICO + licensing data
- [Does ARA-290 (cibinetide) help with nerve fibre regeneration?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/ara-290/nerve-fibre-regeneration-sarcoidosis-small-fibre-neuropathy): grade C · 1 phase 2b RCT (n=64, 28 days)
- [Does ARA-290 (cibinetide) help with neuropathic pain?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/ara-290/neuropathic-pain): grade C · Same trial + earlier phase 2
- [Does ARA-290 (cibinetide) help with diabetic neuropathy and metabolic control?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/ara-290/diabetic-neuropathy-and-metabolic-control): grade C · 1 small phase 2
- [Does ARA-290 (cibinetide) help with healing, recovery, inflammation?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/ara-290/healing-recovery-inflammation-grey-market-uses): grade D · None
- [How common is adverse effects with ARA-290 (cibinetide)?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/ara-290/adverse-effects): grade C · Phase 2 trials
- [Does CagriSema help with body weight?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/cagrisema/body-weight-obesity-without-diabetes): grade A · 1 phase 3 RCT (n=3,417, 68 wk)
- [Does CagriSema help with body weight?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/cagrisema/body-weight-obesity-with-type-2-diabetes): grade A · 1 phase 3 RCT (n=1,206, 68 wk)
- [Does CagriSema help with blood glucosein type 2 diabetes?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/cagrisema/blood-glucose-hba1c-in-type-2-diabetes): grade A · 1 phase 3 RCT (n=1,206)
- [Does CagriSema help with body weight?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/cagrisema/body-weight-vs-tirzepatide-5-mg-type-2-diabetes): grade B · 1 phase 3 RCT topline (REIMAGINE 5, 60 wk)
- [How common is GI side effects with CagriSema?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/cagrisema/gi-side-effects): grade A · Both phase 3 RCTs
- [Does Eloralintide help with body weight?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/eloralintide/body-weight): grade C · 1 phase 2 RCT (n=263, 48 wk)
- [Does Eloralintide help with body weight?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/eloralintide/body-weight-with-tirzepatide-type-2-diabetes): grade C · 1 phase 2b RCT topline (n=367, 48 wk)
- [How common is nausea and fatigue with Eloralintide?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/eloralintide/nausea-and-fatigue): grade C · Same RCT
- [Does Maridebart cafraglutide help with body weight?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/maridebart-cafraglutide/body-weight-obesity): grade B · 1 phase 2 RCT (465 in the obesity cohort, 52 wk)
- [Does Maridebart cafraglutide help with blood glucosein type 2 diabetes?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/maridebart-cafraglutide/blood-glucose-hba1c-in-type-2-diabetes): grade B · Same RCT, diabetes cohort (n=127)
- [How common is GI side effects with Maridebart cafraglutide?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/maridebart-cafraglutide/gi-side-effects): grade B · Same RCT
- [Does Ecnoglutide help with body weight?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/ecnoglutide/body-weight): grade B · 1 phase 3 RCT (n=664, 40 wk)
- [Does Ecnoglutide help with blood glucosein type 2 diabetes?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/ecnoglutide/blood-glucose-hba1c-in-type-2-diabetes): grade B · 2 phase 3 RCTs (EECOH-1, EECOH-2)
- [How common is GI side effects with Ecnoglutide?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/ecnoglutide/gi-side-effects): grade B · Same RCTs
- [Does Abaloparatide help with vertebral fracture risk?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/abaloparatide/vertebral-fracture-risk-postmenopausal-osteoporosis): grade A · 1 large RCT (n=2,463, 18 mo)
- [Does Abaloparatide help with non-vertebral fracture risk?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/abaloparatide/non-vertebral-fracture-risk): grade A · Same RCT
- [How common is hypercalcaemia with Abaloparatide?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/abaloparatide/hypercalcaemia-vs-teriparatide): grade A · Same RCT, prespecified safety endpoint
- [Does Abaloparatide help with bone mineral density?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/abaloparatide/bone-mineral-density): grade A · Same RCT
- [Does Calcitonin (salmon) help with vertebral fracture risk?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/calcitonin/vertebral-fracture-risk-osteoporosis-nasal-spray): grade A · 1 large RCT (n=1,255, 5 yr)
- [Does Calcitonin (salmon) help with dose–response?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/calcitonin/dose-response): grade A · Same RCT
- [How common is cancer risk with Calcitonin (salmon)?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/calcitonin/cancer-risk-long-term-use): grade B · Regulatory meta-analyses of RCTs
- [Does Calcitonin (salmon) help with paget's disease and acute hypercalcaemia?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/calcitonin/paget-s-disease-and-acute-hypercalcaemia): grade A · Decades of use; older trials
- [Does Desmopressin help with nocturia?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/desmopressin/nocturia-night-time-voids): grade A · Cochrane review, 14 RCTs (n=2,966 men)
- [How common is hyponatraemia with Desmopressin?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/desmopressin/hyponatraemia-older-adults): grade A · Meta-analysis, 7 studies
- [Does Desmopressin help with central diabetes insipidus?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/desmopressin/central-diabetes-insipidus): grade A · Decades of use; the original indication
- [Does Desmopressin help with nocturnal enuresis in children?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/desmopressin/nocturnal-enuresis-in-children): grade A · Cochrane review (2025 update)
- [Does Thymalin help with mortality in the elderly?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/thymalin/mortality-in-the-elderly): grade C · 1 long-term series (n=266, 6–8 yr)
- [Does Thymalin help with respiratory infections?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/thymalin/respiratory-infections): grade C · Same series
- [Does Thymalin help with independent replication?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/thymalin/independent-replication): grade C · None found
- [Does Pinealon help with cognition or brain ageing?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/pinealon/cognition-or-brain-ageing-human): grade D · 0 controlled; Russian reports without abstracts
- [Does Pinealon help with cell viability under oxidative stress?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/pinealon/cell-viability-under-oxidative-stress-in-vitro): grade D · Cell culture only
- [Does Pinealon help with hypoxia tolerance?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/pinealon/hypoxia-tolerance-rats): grade D · Animal only
- [Does FOXO4-DRI help with any outcome in humans?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/foxo4-dri/any-outcome-in-humans): grade D · 0
- [Does FOXO4-DRI help with fitness, fur density and renal function?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/foxo4-dri/fitness-fur-density-and-renal-function-aged-mice): grade D · Animal only
- [Does FOXO4-DRI help with senescent cell clearance?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/foxo4-dri/senescent-cell-clearance-human-cells-in-vitro): grade D · Cell culture
- [Does Petrelintide help with body weight?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/petrelintide/body-weight): grade C · 1 phase 2 RCT (n=493, 42 wk); phase 1
- [How common is GI side effects with Petrelintide?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/petrelintide/gi-side-effects): grade C · 1 phase 2 RCT (n=485 dosed); phase 1
- [Does Lixisenatide help with blood glucose?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/lixisenatide/blood-glucose-hba1c): grade A · GetGoal programme (10+ RCTs)
- [Does Lixisenatide help with major cardiovascular events?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/lixisenatide/major-cardiovascular-events): grade A · 1 large RCT (ELIXA, n=6,068)
- [Does Lixisenatide help with motor progression in early Parkinson's disease?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/lixisenatide/motor-progression-in-early-parkinson-s-disease): grade B · 1 phase 2 RCT (n=156, 12 mo)
- [How common is GI side effects with Lixisenatide?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/lixisenatide/gi-side-effects): grade A · All trials
- [Does Insulin help with diabetic retinopathy?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/insulin/diabetic-retinopathy-type-1-intensive-vs-conventional): grade A · 1 large RCT (DCCT, n=1,441, 6.5 yr)
- [Does Insulin help with microvascular complications?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/insulin/microvascular-complications-type-2): grade A · 1 large RCT (UKPDS 33, n=3,867, 10 yr)
- [How common is severe hypoglycaemia with Insulin?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/insulin/severe-hypoglycaemia): grade A · Both landmark RCTs
- [How common is weight gain with Insulin?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/insulin/weight-gain): grade A · UKPDS and many
- [Does Collagen peptides help with skin hydration and elasticity?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/collagen-peptides/skin-hydration-and-elasticity): grade C · 23–26 RCTs in meta-analyses (n≈1,500–1,700)
- [Does Collagen peptides help with joint pain and function?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/collagen-peptides/joint-pain-and-function): grade C · Several small RCTs; one 9-month trial (3 arms)
- [How common is safety with Collagen peptides?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/collagen-peptides/safety): grade B · All trials
- [Does Carnosine help with blood glucosein prediabetes and type 2 diabetes?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/carnosine/blood-glucose-fasting-glucose-and-hba1c-in-prediabetes-and-type-2-diabetes): grade C · 8 RCTs (n=377) pooled
- [Does Carnosine help with body weight and insulin resistance?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/carnosine/body-weight-and-insulin-resistance): grade C · Same meta-analysis
- [Does Carnosine help with cognition or ageing?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/carnosine/cognition-or-ageing): grade D · No adequate trial
- [Does Vilon help with any outcome in humans?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/vilon/any-outcome-in-humans): grade D · 0
- [Does Vilon help with lifespan and tumour incidence?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/vilon/lifespan-and-tumour-incidence-mice): grade D · Animal only
- [Does Cortexin help with recovery after ischaemic stroke?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/cortexin/recovery-after-ischaemic-stroke): grade C · 1 double-blind RCT (n=272, 70 days)
- [Does Cortexin help with cognitive impairment?](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds/cortexin/cognitive-impairment): grade D · Open-label Russian reports

## Glossary
- [Peptide](https://lyoresearch.com/glossary/peptide): A short chain of amino acids.
- [Amino acid](https://lyoresearch.com/glossary/amino-acid): The building block of peptides and proteins.
- [Lyophilized](https://lyoresearch.com/glossary/lyophilized): Freeze-dried.
- [RCT](https://lyoresearch.com/glossary/rct): Randomised controlled trial.
- [Placebo](https://lyoresearch.com/glossary/placebo): An inactive comparator.
- [Open-label](https://lyoresearch.com/glossary/open-label): Everyone knows who got what.
- [Case series](https://lyoresearch.com/glossary/case-series): A description of several patients, with no control group.
- [Primary endpoint](https://lyoresearch.com/glossary/primary-endpoint): The one result a trial is designed to test.
- [Effect size](https://lyoresearch.com/glossary/effect-size): How big the difference was, not whether it was statistically significant.
- [Confidence interval](https://lyoresearch.com/glossary/confidence-interval): The range the true effect plausibly lies in.
- [Systematic review](https://lyoresearch.com/glossary/systematic-review): A search for every study on a question, with stated rules.
- [Meta-analysis](https://lyoresearch.com/glossary/meta-analysis): Pooling the numbers from several trials.
- [Phase 1, 2 and 3](https://lyoresearch.com/glossary/phase-1-2-3): The stages of drug trials.
- [Topline results](https://lyoresearch.com/glossary/topline-results): Headline numbers from a company, before peer review.
- [Peer review](https://lyoresearch.com/glossary/peer-review): Independent scrutiny before publication.
- [Evidence grade (A–D)](https://lyoresearch.com/glossary/grade): LYO's rating of how much human evidence there is.
- [GLP-1 receptor agonist](https://lyoresearch.com/glossary/glp-1-receptor-agonist): A drug that mimics the gut hormone GLP-1.
- [Incretin](https://lyoresearch.com/glossary/incretin): Gut hormones that raise insulin after a meal.
- [GIP](https://lyoresearch.com/glossary/gip): Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide, the second incretin.
- [Glucagon receptor](https://lyoresearch.com/glossary/glucagon): The third target in retatrutide.
- [Amylin](https://lyoresearch.com/glossary/amylin): A pancreatic hormone that slows digestion and reduces appetite.
- [Growth hormone secretagogue](https://lyoresearch.com/glossary/growth-hormone-secretagogue): Anything that makes the pituitary release growth hormone.
- [GHRH](https://lyoresearch.com/glossary/ghrh): Growth hormone-releasing hormone.
- [Ghrelin](https://lyoresearch.com/glossary/ghrelin): The hunger hormone, whose receptor several peptides target.
- [Melanocortin receptors](https://lyoresearch.com/glossary/melanocortin): The receptors behind tanning, appetite and sexual arousal peptides.
- [Half-life](https://lyoresearch.com/glossary/half-life): How long until half the drug is gone.
- [Bioavailability](https://lyoresearch.com/glossary/bioavailability): The fraction of a dose that reaches the bloodstream.
- [Subcutaneous](https://lyoresearch.com/glossary/subcutaneous): Injected into the fat under the skin.
- [HbA1c](https://lyoresearch.com/glossary/hba1c): Three-month average blood glucose.
- [MACE](https://lyoresearch.com/glossary/mace): Major adverse cardiovascular events.
- [Marketing authorisation](https://lyoresearch.com/glossary/marketing-authorisation): Regulatory approval to sell a medicine.
- [Off-label](https://lyoresearch.com/glossary/off-label): Prescribing an approved medicine for an unapproved use.
- [Compounding](https://lyoresearch.com/glossary/compounding): Pharmacy-made medicines for an individual prescription.
- [Research use only](https://lyoresearch.com/glossary/research-use-only): A label, not a safety statement.
- [COA](https://lyoresearch.com/glossary/coa): Certificate of analysis.
- [Purity](https://lyoresearch.com/glossary/purity): The fraction of the powder that is the intended molecule.
- [Schedule 4](https://lyoresearch.com/glossary/schedule-4): Prescription-only, in Australian law.
- [WADA Prohibited List](https://lyoresearch.com/glossary/wada-prohibited-list): The substances banned in sport.
- [How to cite LYO](https://lyoresearch.com/glossary/citation): Reuse is welcome; say where it came from.

## Comparisons
- [Tirzepatide vs semaglutide](https://lyoresearch.com/compare/tirzepatide-vs-semaglutide): In the only direct trial, tirzepatide beat semaglutide: 20.2% versus 13.7% average weight loss over 72 weeks in 751 adults, with a larger drop in waist size and fewer people stopping for gut side effects. Semaglutide has the longer track record and a completed cardiovascular-outcomes trial in people without diabetes. Both are prescription medicines with the same class of side effects.
- [Retatrutide vs tirzepatide](https://lyoresearch.com/compare/retatrutide-vs-tirzepatide): Retatrutide's published phase 3 result — 25.0% average weight loss at 80 weeks in TRIUMPH-1 — is higher than tirzepatide's 20.9% at 72 weeks in SURMOUNT-1, but no study has compared the two directly. Retatrutide also reports more discontinuation for side effects and a skin-sensation effect not seen with tirzepatide. Tirzepatide is an approved medicine; retatrutide is not available outside trials.
- [Semaglutide vs liraglutide](https://lyoresearch.com/compare/semaglutide-vs-liraglutide): Semaglutide produces roughly two and a half times the weight loss of liraglutide in the one trial that compared them directly: 15.8% against 6.4% at 68 weeks in STEP 8. Both are grade A, both are approved for obesity and type 2 diabetes, and both have a cardiovascular outcomes trial. Liraglutide's remaining advantages are that it is generic, cheaper, dosed daily so it clears faster, and has fifteen years of use behind it.
- [BPC-157 vs TB-500](https://lyoresearch.com/compare/bpc-157-vs-tb-500): Neither has a controlled human trial for the injuries they are sold for. BPC-157's entire human literature is one 12-patient case series and a two-person pilot; TB-500 has none by injection, though a pharmaceutical eye-drop form of its parent molecule reached phase 3 for dry eye and did not win approval. Both are grade D for healing, both are prohibited in sport at all times, and both are unapproved everywhere. The difference between them is which animal it was studied in.
- [CJC-1295 vs sermorelin](https://lyoresearch.com/compare/cjc-1295-vs-sermorelin): Both raise growth hormone; neither has been shown to change anything that matters. Sermorelin is the first 29 amino acids of GHRH, approved in 1990 as a diagnostic and paediatric drug and withdrawn commercially in 2008; it raises GH for about an hour. CJC-1295 is a modified version with a drug-affinity complex that keeps it circulating for days, so a single weekly dose sustains GH and IGF-1 elevation. Its development stopped before any efficacy trial. Both are banned in sport and neither has adult body-composition data worth the name.
- [Ipamorelin vs CJC-1295](https://lyoresearch.com/compare/ipamorelin-vs-cjc-1295): They work on two different switches: CJC-1295 is a long-acting GHRH analogue that raises growth hormone for days, ipamorelin is a short-acting ghrelin-receptor agonist that produces a clean pulse. CJC-1295 has the better hormone data — a single injection raised GH two- to ten-fold for six days or more. Ipamorelin has the only randomised outcome trial between them, and it was negative. Neither has ever been shown to change body composition, strength or recovery in a controlled human trial, and both are banned in sport.
- [Ipamorelin vs sermorelin](https://lyoresearch.com/compare/ipamorelin-vs-sermorelin): Sermorelin is a GHRH fragment that was approved decades ago as a diagnostic and paediatric growth-hormone medicine, later withdrawn for commercial rather than safety reasons, and is now compounded on prescription in the United States. Ipamorelin is a ghrelin-receptor agonist that was never approved anywhere and whose only randomised trial was negative. Sermorelin therefore has approval-grade evidence that it raises growth hormone; neither has evidence that doing so changes anything in a healthy adult.
- [PT-141 vs Melanotan II](https://lyoresearch.com/compare/pt-141-vs-melanotan-2): They are close chemical relatives. Melanotan II activates melanocortin receptors broadly, which is why it tans skin, triggers erections, causes nausea and darkens moles all at once. PT-141 (bremelanotide) is the metabolite that was developed selectively for sexual desire, taken through two phase 3 trials in 1,267 women, and approved in the United States in 2019. Melanotan II never completed later-stage trials and is not approved anywhere.
- [GHRP-2 vs GHRP-6](https://lyoresearch.com/compare/ghrp-2-vs-ghrp-6): Both are six-amino-acid ghrelin mimics that reliably raise growth hormone, and both perform well enough as a diagnostic stimulus to substitute for the insulin tolerance test. GHRP-2 is approved in Japan for exactly that purpose and has the better-quantified appetite data; GHRP-6 is the older molecule and drives hunger more prominently. Neither has a controlled trial for muscle, fat or body composition, and both are banned in sport.
- [HGH vs sermorelin](https://lyoresearch.com/compare/hgh-vs-sermorelin): Growth hormone is an approved medicine that works for genuine deficiency and does not work as an anti-ageing drug: in healthy older adults it shifts about 2 kg from fat to lean tissue with no change in weight, while significantly raising rates of swelling, joint pain, carpal tunnel syndrome and gynaecomastia. Sermorelin — the first 29 amino acids of the hormone that releases it — raises growth hormone reliably, which was the basis of its 1990 approval as a diagnostic, but its adult body-composition data are small, open-label studies. Neither has evidence for the anti-ageing use both are sold for. Both are prohibited in sport.
- [Semax vs Selank](https://lyoresearch.com/compare/semax-vs-selank): Semax and Selank come from the same Moscow institute and share the same stabilising tail; the difference is the front end. Semax is built on a fragment of the stress hormone ACTH and is registered in Russia for stroke and cognitive indications. Selank is built on the immune peptide tuftsin and is registered there as an anxiolytic. Both are nasal drops, both have years of Russian clinical use, and both sit at grade D on this site for the same reason: the human literature is almost entirely Russian-language, largely uncontrolled or poorly reported by international standards, and has not been replicated by independent groups. Neither is approved in the EU, US or UK.
- [GHK-Cu vs AHK-Cu](https://lyoresearch.com/compare/ghk-cu-vs-ahk-cu): GHK-Cu has small, short, mostly industry-run human trials of creams for skin appearance and one mixed wound-healing study; that is thin, but it is human evidence. AHK-Cu has none: its entire file is one 2007 study in which plucked hair follicles lengthened in a dish. Neither has ever been injected in a trial, and both are sold for injection. If the question is 'which has evidence', the answer is GHK-Cu, topically, modestly.
- [Dulaglutide vs semaglutide](https://lyoresearch.com/compare/dulaglutide-vs-semaglutide): They were compared directly in SUSTAIN 7: semaglutide lowered HbA1c and weight more than dulaglutide at matched doses in type 2 diabetes. Both have cardiovascular-outcome trials in diabetes, and dulaglutide's REWIND covered the broadest population — nearly 10,000 people, most without prior heart disease. Semaglutide is also approved for weight management and has an outcomes trial in obesity without diabetes; dulaglutide is a diabetes drug with modest weight effects.
- [MK-677 vs ipamorelin](https://lyoresearch.com/compare/mk-677-vs-ipamorelin): Both raise growth hormone; only MK-677 has been tested for what people buy it for. In a year-long randomised trial of 65 older adults it added about 1.1 kg of fat-free mass and changed no fat measure; in 563 people with Alzheimer's it did nothing clinically. Ipamorelin's only randomised trial tested post-operative gut recovery, was negative, and development stopped. Neither is approved. MK-677 is a pill and not a peptide; ipamorelin is an injected pentapeptide.
- [Leuprolide vs gonadorelin](https://lyoresearch.com/compare/leuprolide-vs-gonadorelin): Gonadorelin is the natural hormone; leuprolide is a modified, long-lasting version of it. Given in pulses, GnRH keeps the pituitary releasing LH and FSH; given continuously, it exhausts the receptor and switches the axis off. So pulsatile gonadorelin restores fertility, while depot leuprolide suppresses testosterone to castrate levels for prostate cancer. The grey-market use of gonadorelin — to protect the testes during testosterone therapy — has no trial, and its dosing is closer to continuous than pulsed.
- [Pramlintide vs cagrilintide](https://lyoresearch.com/compare/pramlintide-vs-cagrilintide): Pramlintide proved the amylin pathway in 2005 with three mealtime injections a day: modest HbA1c gains with insulin, and 6–7 kg of placebo-corrected weight loss over a year in an obesity trial that was never taken to approval. Cagrilintide is the same idea made weekly: 11.8% weight loss alone at 68 weeks in REDEFINE 1, and 20.4% intention-to-treat when paired with semaglutide as CagriSema. Pramlintide is approved in the US only; cagrilintide is not approved anywhere.
- [Teriparatide vs abaloparatide](https://lyoresearch.com/compare/teriparatide-vs-abaloparatide): Both cut new spinal fractures by roughly 80% in their approval trials and both are daily injections for up to two years. Abaloparatide's trial included an open-label teriparatide arm: bone density at the hip rose faster on abaloparatide and high blood calcium was half as common (3.4% vs 6.4%), but the trial was not powered to compare fracture rates between the two drugs. Teriparatide has fifteen more years of use, biosimilars, and a head-to-head win over a bisphosphonate.
- [Eloralintide vs cagrilintide](https://lyoresearch.com/compare/eloralintide-vs-cagrilintide): Cagrilintide is further along: two published phase 3 trials in combination with semaglutide (CagriSema), and an 11.8% monotherapy arm at 68 weeks inside the larger of them. Eloralintide has one published phase 2 — 263 people, 48 weeks — with up to 20% weight loss alone and a fatigue signal no other drug in the class shows. Neither is approved, no trial compares them, and both companies plan to pair their amylin drug with an incretin.

## Legal status by jurisdiction
- [Are peptides legal in the United States?](https://lyoresearch.com/regulation/us): Approved peptides — semaglutide, tirzepatide, tesamorelin, bremelanotide — are prescription drugs. Most others are not approved for anything. Since April 2026 the FDA has been re-examining whether pharmacies may compound a dozen of them: an advisory committee recommended BPC-157, TB-500, KPV, MOTS-c, semax and epitalon in July 2026, but none is on the compounding list yet. Retatrutide and cagrilintide cannot be compounded at all. "Research use only" vials sold for injection are unapproved drugs.
- [Are peptides legal in the EU?](https://lyoresearch.com/regulation/eu): Semaglutide, tirzepatide and liraglutide are authorised, prescription-only medicines across the EU. Almost every other peptide discussed online has no marketing authorisation, so supplying it for human use is an offence under the medicines laws of every member state. "Research use only" labels do not change that when the product is presented for people to inject. Rules on importing for personal use differ by country — Sweden, for example, bans postal imports from outside the EEA outright.
- [Are peptides legal in the UK?](https://lyoresearch.com/regulation/uk): Licensed peptides — semaglutide, tirzepatide, liraglutide — are prescription-only medicines. Everything else on LYO is an unlicensed medicine under the Human Medicines Regulations 2012: selling or supplying it is a criminal offence, and the MHRA is prosecuting. Retatrutide "has not been authorised for use in the UK, meaning anyone selling this product is doing so illegally". Importing a small quantity strictly for your own use is not itself an offence, but consignments are seized and the product is unverified.
- [Are peptides legal in Australia?](https://lyoresearch.com/regulation/australia): In Australia peptides are prescription-only substances. Registered ones (semaglutide, tirzepatide) are Schedule 4 medicines; unapproved ones (BPC-157, TB-500, CJC-1295, ipamorelin and the rest) are also Schedule 4 but not on the Register, so they can only be obtained on a prescription, compounded for that patient, or imported under the Personal Importation Scheme with a prescription. Compounding GLP-1 copies has been banned since October 2024. The TGA issued a safety advisory on 13 April 2026 and has fined importers.
- [Are peptides legal in Canada?](https://lyoresearch.com/regulation/canada): Semaglutide, tirzepatide and tesamorelin are authorised prescription drugs in Canada. The research-market peptides are not authorised at all — Health Canada has not assessed them for safety, efficacy or quality — and "selling unauthorized drugs is illegal in Canada". In August 2025 the agency seized a Canadian vendor's stock of BPC-157, TB-500, CJC-1295, ipamorelin, AOD-9604, retatrutide and dozens more. Canadian residents may not import prescription drugs by mail or courier.
- [Which peptides are banned in sport?](https://lyoresearch.com/regulation/sport): Under the 2026 Prohibited List, nearly every peptide discussed online is banned at all times, in and out of competition: growth-hormone releasing factors and secretagogues (sermorelin, CJC-1295, ipamorelin, tesamorelin, GHRPs), growth-hormone fragments (AOD-9604), thymosin-β4 (TB-500), MOTS-c, kisspeptin, and — under S0 — anything not approved for human use anywhere, which covers BPC-157, epitalon, retatrutide and cagrilintide. Semaglutide and tirzepatide are not on the list, and will not be on the 2027 List published on 21 September 2026.
- [All jurisdictions and the compound × jurisdiction matrix](https://lyoresearch.com/regulation)

## Lessons (peptide literacy)
- [Lesson 1: What a peptide actually is](https://lyoresearch.com/learn/what-a-peptide-is): A peptide is a short chain of amino acids — usually two to fifty — joined by peptide bonds. Longer chains are called proteins. Your body makes thousands of them as hormones and signals; insulin, oxytocin and GLP-1 are all peptides, and so are the drugs built to mimic them.
- [Lesson 2: Animal studies vs human trials](https://lyoresearch.com/learn/animal-studies-vs-human-trials): Evidence comes in levels. Cell and animal studies show what might happen; human trials show what does. Most compounds that look good in rodents fail in people, which is why LYO grades only on human evidence and why "the research is clear" usually means the rodent research.
- [Lesson 3: How LYO grades evidence](https://lyoresearch.com/learn/how-lyo-grades-evidence): Every claimed effect on LYO gets a grade from A to D that measures one thing: how much human evidence exists and how consistent it is. Animal and cell studies never move a grade above D. A grade is not a recommendation and not a safety rating.
- [Lesson 4: What a purity test proves — and doesn't](https://lyoresearch.com/learn/what-a-purity-test-proves): A purity test tells you what fraction of the powder in a vial is the intended molecule. It does not tell you how much powder there is, whether the vial is sterile, or whether the compound does anything. "99% pure" answers one narrow question and is routinely used as if it answered all of them.
- [Lesson 5: Regulation, region by region](https://lyoresearch.com/learn/regulation-by-region): A few peptides are approved medicines available on prescription. Most are not approved anywhere, are sold as "research chemicals" not intended for people, and in the EU and UK it is a criminal offence to sell them for human use. Enforcement has targeted sellers rather than buyers — but that is a description of practice, not a promise, and it varies by country.
- [Lesson 6: Spotting a bad claim](https://lyoresearch.com/learn/spotting-a-bad-claim): Most peptide claims fail one of six checks: no citation, an animal study presented as human, a mechanism offered as evidence, a testimonial offered as data, "studies show" with nothing to open, or a dose stated as if it had been established. Run the checks and most of the internet disappears.

## Other
- [Compounds index](https://lyoresearch.com/compounds)
- [Sitemap](https://lyoresearch.com/sitemap.xml)

Last reviewed 2026-10-07.